{
  "deck_name": "Cell Biology Fundamentals",
  "cards": [
    { "question": "What basic feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?", "answer": "Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not." },
    { "question": "What structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?", "answer": "Both have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material." },
    { "question": "What is the main function of the plasma membrane?", "answer": "It forms a selectively permeable boundary that regulates exchange between the cell and its surroundings." },
    { "question": "What is the basic structure of a cell membrane?", "answer": "A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and other molecules." },
    { "question": "What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?", "answer": "Diffusion is net particle movement down a concentration gradient; osmosis is water diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane." },
    { "question": "How does facilitated diffusion move a substance across a membrane?", "answer": "A membrane channel or carrier helps the substance move down its concentration or electrochemical gradient without direct energy input." },
    { "question": "How does active transport differ from facilitated diffusion?", "answer": "Active transport uses energy to move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient." },
    { "question": "What is the main function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?", "answer": "It houses most of the cell's DNA and helps regulate gene expression." },
    { "question": "What is assembled in the nucleolus?", "answer": "Ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to form ribosomal subunits." },
    { "question": "What is the role of ribosomes?", "answer": "They synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA." },
    { "question": "What kinds of proteins are commonly made on rough endoplasmic reticulum-bound ribosomes?", "answer": "Proteins destined for secretion, membranes, or the endomembrane system are commonly made there." },
    { "question": "What is one major function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?", "answer": "It participates in lipid synthesis and, depending on cell type, detoxification and calcium storage." },
    { "question": "What does the Golgi apparatus do to many proteins and lipids?", "answer": "It modifies, sorts, and packages them for delivery to specific destinations." },
    { "question": "What is a key function of mitochondria?", "answer": "They carry out stages of cellular respiration and produce much of a eukaryotic cell's ATP." },
    { "question": "What is one role of the central vacuole in a plant cell?", "answer": "It stores water and dissolved substances; when full, it helps maintain turgor pressure that supports the cell." },
    { "question": "What do lysosomes do in many animal cells?", "answer": "They use digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules and cellular material." },
    { "question": "What is the cytoskeleton?", "answer": "A network of protein filaments that supports cell shape and helps with movement and intracellular transport." },
    { "question": "How does a plant cell wall differ from the plasma membrane?", "answer": "The wall is a supportive outer layer outside the membrane; the membrane is the selectively permeable boundary." },
    { "question": "Why do cells use vesicles?", "answer": "Vesicles transport or store materials within a cell and can move cargo to or from the plasma membrane." },
    { "question": "Why are ribosomes in prokaryotes not enclosed by a membrane?", "answer": "Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles; their ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm." }
  ]
}