{
  "deck_name": "Cardiovascular System",
  "cards": [
    { "question": "Trace the route of blood from the venae cavae to the aorta.", "answer": "Venae cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta." },
    { "question": "Which heart chamber receives blood returning from the systemic circulation?", "answer": "The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinus." },
    { "question": "Which chamber pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation?", "answer": "The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries." },
    { "question": "Which chamber pumps blood into the systemic circulation?", "answer": "The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta." },
    { "question": "What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?", "answer": "Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs; systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body." },
    { "question": "What is the main purpose of the heart valves?", "answer": "They help maintain one-way blood flow by opening and closing in response to pressure differences." },
    { "question": "Which valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?", "answer": "The tricuspid, or right atrioventricular, valve." },
    { "question": "Which valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?", "answer": "The mitral, or bicuspid, valve." },
    { "question": "What tissue layer forms most of the heart wall and generates its pumping force?", "answer": "The myocardium, the cardiac muscle layer of the heart wall." },
    { "question": "What is the normal role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?", "answer": "It initiates the electrical impulse that normally sets the heart’s rhythm and spreads through the atria." },
    { "question": "Why does the atrioventricular (AV) node briefly delay the cardiac impulse?", "answer": "The delay gives the atria time to finish contracting and the ventricles time to fill before ventricular contraction begins." },
    { "question": "After the AV node, what route carries the impulse through the ventricles?", "answer": "The impulse travels through the atrioventricular bundle, its right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium." },
    { "question": "What electrical event does the P wave on a typical ECG represent?", "answer": "Atrial depolarization, which normally precedes atrial contraction." },
    { "question": "What electrical event does the QRS complex on a typical ECG represent?", "answer": "Ventricular depolarization; atrial repolarization occurs at about the same time and is usually hidden by the larger QRS signal." },
    { "question": "What electrical event does the T wave on a typical ECG represent?", "answer": "Ventricular repolarization." },
    { "question": "What is the cardiac cycle?", "answer": "The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, and relaxation." },
    { "question": "How is cardiac output calculated?", "answer": "Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume; it is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per unit time." },
    { "question": "What does stroke volume measure?", "answer": "The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle in a single contraction." },
    { "question": "How does narrowing an arteriole generally affect vascular resistance and local blood flow?", "answer": "Narrowing raises resistance and generally reduces flow through that vessel, all else being equal." },
    { "question": "When arterial pressure rises, how does the baroreceptor reflex tend to bring it down?", "answer": "Increased stretch raises baroreceptor firing, which promotes lower sympathetic and greater parasympathetic effects; heart output and peripheral resistance decrease." }
  ]
}